Inclusion For Children With Disabilities - 1947 Words

Introduction In modern society, everything is always rapidly changing. Numerous things around the world are becoming more common and accepted. Inclusion is all around us and it is commonly unnoticed. From an educational perspective, inclusion refers to the idea of placing students with disabilities in general education classes or other school activities (Hallahan, Kauffman, Pullen, 2015). Early childhood education has been trying to incorporate inclusion in numerous ways, along with all other education. Integrated classrooms are very popular and has changed education drastically. Just like everything, inclusion in education has its flaws, but no the less, is making progress. Historical Background of Inclusion The concept of inclusion in the classroom has not been around for as long as many people think. For children with disabilities, it is typically best for them to be in the least restrictive environment (LRE). In many cases, this is the general classroom with their peers who do not have disabilities. Classrooms were not always set up in this manner that they are today. Getting to the point that we are at today did take some difficult battles and arguments that do not go unnoticed. There are various attributes to the inclusion in education. The first major event that guided education to inclusion is the court case Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954. McBride (2006) explains that in this case the plaintiffs were fighting segregation of African AmericanShow MoreRelatedInclusion Of Children With Disabilities885 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion, known as the act of including or being included within a group or structure. In today s world the act of inclusion within the classroom is becoming more and more well known in most schools. This could be the act of including a child with special needs or even a child where their second language is English. As recent as a hundred years ago, children with disabilities received little, if any, formal education. In the tradition of segregating students during the middle to late 19th centuryRead MoreInclusion For Children With Disabilities2553 Words   |  11 Pages Children with disabilities are among the most vulnerable and most excluded in the world. Their rights are often violated. These children are often hidden at home or placed in special institutions. As a result, these children are missing out on education. They grow up apart from their families and their parents fear that their children with disabilities will be mocked. Parents also fear that they will not have a chance to take part in society. Inclusion is complete acceptance of all students. LovingRead MoreInclusion Of Chil dren With Disabilities1979 Words   |  8 PagesInclusion means that every child regardless of their abilities or background are able to play, interact, connect and learn as one. Every single child is valued, supported and provided access to equal opportunities like any other child as well as being involved in learning experiences. The label ‘inclusion’ has traditionally been used to describe bringing children with disabilities into regular settings rather than placing them in ‘special’ facilities’ (Connor, 2006, p8). Inclusion of children whoRead More Inclusion of Children with Disabilities Essay3009 Words   |  13 PagesInclusion of Children with Disabilities Along with many other topics of special education, the topic of inclusion has been surrounded by uncertainty and controversy for as long as the concept has been around. This controversy may stem from the fact that inclusion is expensive and experts disagree about how much time disabled students should spend in regular classrooms (Cambanis, 2001). Although this topic is controversial, it cannot be ignored. Inclusion will, at some point, affect 1% ofRead MoreInclusion Education For Children With Disabilities3055 Words   |  13 Pagesgive an insight into what inclusion education is, and the way in which a target school relates inclusion to their students. It will focus upon Asperger s within the school, and show how Asperger s is treated to ensure inclusion is met. The assignment will argue the policies set in place and, with the literature review, will source findings and compare them with the schools ethos. Introduction The earliest legislation and act brought about that acknowledged a disability within the UK came aboutRead MoreInclusion, The Educational Practice Of Children With Disabilities1728 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion, the educational practice of instructing children with disabilities as well as children without disabilities in one classroom, is a very controversial topic regarding the education of students in today’s society. â€Å"Inclusion seeks to establish collaborative, supportive, and nurturing communities of learners that are based on giving all students the services and accommodations they need to learn, as well as respecting and learning from each other’s individual differences† (Salend 5). TheRead MoreEducational Framework For Inclusion Of Children With Disabilities1994 Words   |  8 Pagesthe definition of disability will be considered followed by a discussion of the historical context of the terminology used. Second, research is presented to show how th e government of Canada view and plan for individuals with impairments. Support for inclusion of children with disabilities in public settings will be examined. Third, typical language acquisition and socio-emotional development will be presented to examine the learning process of children with and without disabilities. Fourth, once autismRead MoreInclusion Is The Educational Practice Of Educating Children With Disabilities819 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion is the educational practice of educating children with disabilities in the classroom with children without disabilities. In the past, people believed that children with disabilities were not capable of learning. This thought process hindered children with disabilities from being included in the general education population. After the ruling of Brown v Board of Education, families with children with disabilities began to fight for the rights of their children. Various families believed thatRead MoreParties Against Full Inclusion F or Children With Disabilities Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesFull Inclusion According to the latest figures available from Data Accountability Center, U.S. Department of Education, 2,415,564 students were identified as having a Specific Learning Disability in the Fall of 2010 (â€Å"Full Inclusion†). With the severity of the number of individuals with disabilities in the school system, the controversy of the best way to support them arises. One of the solutions of this controversy is the issue of full inclusion. Those opposed to the idea of full inclusion fearRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Inclusion For Special Education Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthe pros and cons of inclusion for Special Education children. By definition, Inclusion rejects the use of special schools or classrooms to separate students with disabilities from students without disabilities. Special Education is a topic that is important, even though people may not realize how important it is for the fact that they don’t understand what goes into Special Education for children in schools. â€Å"Negative beliefs many people have about individuals with disabilities may often be based

Psychological and Presentational Realism in Moll Flanders...

Psychological and Presentational Realism in Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe The Eighteenth-century literature is popular for its peculiar style of writing that gives the readers an insider’s view in the novel. By combining the two aspects such as Psychological and Presentational Realism, authors have created works of pure masterpiece such as Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe. Defoe illustrates Moll, the protagonist’s psyche by writing the narrative in the first person to imply it as an autobiography. This allows psychological realism to work at its finest since the readers can feel a personal relationship to the character. The two important instances that occur with this type of realism are when Moll realizes that she is married to her own†¦show more content†¦She soon realizes that her mother-in-law is none other than her biological mother and her husband is her half brother with whom she â€Å"†¦had two children, and was big with another†¦.†. Readers can feel Moll’s shock and horror to this sudden discovery and he r confusion as to whether she should be happy for finding her mother or the fact that she is now married to her half-brother. The readers can feel her severe agony as she claims, â€Å"I was now the most unhappy of all women in the world† (79). They are able to place themselves in the same situation and experience the torment as she struggles to deal with this harsh reality. This is the first time Moll is shattered because her morality is tainted due to the incestuous relationship. Some may argue that she does not have any morals because of her deeds but there are some principles, which govern her life and this being one of them. Even though, she is overcome with misfortune, she maintains her rationality and thinks about as to how will she disclose this information to her mother and her husband. Readers commend her for the way she handles the situation because any other human being would have lost their sense of rationality. Next, this unfortunate marriage serves as a link that is uncovered at the end of the novel when Moll returns to America with her Lancashire husband to start a new life. She remembers that her deceased mother had promised her some amount of money

Australian Tax Manual Suggested Solutions â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australian Tax Manual Suggested Solutions? Answer: Inttroducation Under the current rules, all right-of-use assets are classified same as other non-financial assets and are detailed in the Balance Sheet under Property, Plant and Equipment. The lease liabilities are also treated as other financial liabilities. This allows the lessee to charge depreciation of a right-of-use asset as a deductible expense along with the interest paid on the lease liability. Moreover, as stipulated under IAS 7, the lessee bifurcates the payment and shows it as Principal and Interest Payment in the annual statement of cash flows, assert Ault, Arnold Gest, (2010). Although the lessee should treat a lease asset as a right-to-use asset, the system has not been effective in checking this and lessee entities are measuring all lease assets and liabilities on the present value basis, similar to Property, Plant and Equipment. The measurement does not take into consideration the optional lease periods, nor does it explain the options of extending or terminating the lease. In nearly all such cases, the initial value of the lease asset equals the value of lease liability shown in Balance Sheet, as per Wilmot, (2012). New IFRS Operating Lease RulesTop of Form The new IFRS rules suggest a fundamental shift in recognizing lease assets and liabilities through implementation of IFRS 16, which state that a lessee, who has leasing assets, should show such assets and liabilities under a separate head in the Balance Sheet. Changes on the Companys Balance Sheet IFRS 16 will eliminate the current classification of operating leases or finance leases for the lessee. Instead, the lessee will treat all leases as Finance Leases after applying IAS 17. Leases shall be capitalised and shall be shown, either separately as Lease Assets or with Property, Plant and Equipment, details Hanks, (2007). IFRS 16 and Companys Income Statement The lessee shall no longer classify its leases either as operating or finance leases. IFRS 16, which replaces IAS 17 from 1 January 2019, will have the following two provisions: Existing Finance Leases: These shall continue to be listed as Finance Leases. Existing Operating Leases: These shall have the option to opt for a full or limited restatement as per the requirements of IFRS 16. Lessee using IFRS 16 will not be required to recognise those assets and liabilities which are (a) short-term leases of 12months or less and (b) leases of low-value assets, such as a personal computer. Effect on Marvin Co. Ltd. The case study of Marvin Co. Ltd. is for the year ended 31 December 2016. Since the transition from the current system to implementing IFRS 16 shall come into force from 1 January 2019, the management is not obliged to use the new guidelines for finalising this Balance Sheet. An analysis of the situation for the current Balance Sheet of Marvin Co. Ltd. has been provided in Appendix A at the end of this paper. IAS 37: Provisions Contingent Liabilities Currently used Standard IAS 37 has set the criteria for recognising and measuring: Provisions Provisionrefers to liabilities which are of uncertain timing or amount. Use ofuncertain hereis of importance because in cases where time and amount become certain, then the payment is not considered as a provision but is referred to either as payable or accrual. Contingent Liabilities Acontingent liabilityis either a possible obligationwhich arises from a past event and needs to be confirmed by a future event or is a present obligation, arising from a past event, but either: the outflow of certain economic benefits for satisfying this obligation isnot probableor the amount of the obligation cannot be reliably measured, says Marsden, (2010). Overview With the introduction of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, most of the Retail and Consumer Product entities may have to change certain aspects of their accounting principles for revenue, as described by Nethercott, Devos Richardson, (2010). This new revenue recognition standard, which is being implemented jointly by the International Accounting Standards Board (the IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB) is proposing to supersede all previous revenue recognition guidelines under IFRS. The standard, which shall come into effect for the annual reporting periods starting on or after 1 January 2017 is also allowing an early adoption. IFRS 15 shall be dealing with all revenue which arises from contracts with customers and shall affect all those entities which enter into contracts for providing goods or services to their customers, says Renton, (2012) IFRS 15 shall be used for all transactions which are common in the retail and consumer products sector, including those controlled by licences and franchise arrangements and which deal with sale of goods which come with right-to-return. Options granted to customers include Material Returns or Consideration Payment and these are some of the areas which may be covered under the new rule. It is in the interest of the entities dealing in consumer goods, which have substantial amounts tied to Warranties should start their preliminary assessment of the affects as early as possible, so that the management and the accounts teams can prepare towards implementation of IFRS 15,explain Deutsch et al, (2011). Effect on Marvin Co. Ltd. Although the impact, both financial and administrative, will vary from entity to entity, it is in the best interest of Marvin to start an evaluation of the requirements needed for implementing IFRS 15. Although the case study of Marvin Co. Ltd. is for the year ended 31 December 2016 and IFRS 15 is to come into force from 1 January 2017, the boards are allowing an early implementation. An analysis of the situation for the current Balance Sheet of Marvin Co. Ltd. has been provided in Appendix A at the end of this paper. Revaluation of Fixed Assets Arevaluationof the fixedassetsis such an action which needs to be carried out accurately, so as to give in detail the true value of the capital assets owned by a business. This needs to be distinguished from the planned depreciation process in which the recorded decline in the value of anassetis calculated on the basis of its age, according to Smith Koken, (2011). Revaluation Reserve on the Balance Sheet Revaluation reserves are actuallyRevaluation Surplus Reserves and these arise when value of a capital asset becomes greater than that value at which it was brought forward from the previousbalance sheet and it increases the shareholder funds. This gain, derived from therevaluationis known as Revaluation Surplus Reserve. In case therevaluedasset is no longer in use in the business, the remainingrevaluation surplusis eventually credited to the Retained Earnings Account in the Balance sheet of the entity. Revaluation Surplus as Income In case the revaluation of the asset produces a decrease in the carried forward amount of the capital asset, then the decrease is reflected through the profit or loss of the entity. However, in case of a credit balance of the revaluation surplus, decrease the comprehensive income in order to offset the credit balance, explain Reimer, Urban Schmid (ed.), (2011). Fair Value of Assets The InternationalAccountingStandards Board (IASB) definesfair value of an assetas "an amount at which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable and willing parties in an arms-length transaction". IAS 16:Property, Plant and Equipmentis used for outlining accounting treatment to be given to a variety of property, plant and equipment which are most commonly used in a business. The in-use Property, Plant and Equipment is determined initially at its cost value and is subsequently determined by using either the cost or the revaluation model. This is then depreciated in such a manner that the amount of depreciation is allocated on an equal and systematic basis over the total useful life of the asset. IAS 16 was re-issued with effect from December 2003 and has since been in use for the annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005, as detailed by Reimer, Urban Schmid (ed.), (2011). The unit of measure, used for recognition of a capital asset has not been defined under IAS 16. Hence, what constitutes as an item under the head of Property, Plant and Equipment in a Balance Sheet is not defined in IAS 16.9, however, each part of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment, having a cost and which is significant in relation to the total cost of that item, needs to be depreciated separately, as explained under IAS 16.43. IAS 16 itself recognises that certain parts of an item, shown under the Property, Plant and Equipment, can be subjected to replacement at regular intervals. Thus, the carrying amount of the item shown under Property, Plant and Equipment, also includes the cost of replacing such a part of the item. The carrying amount of such parts, which have been replaced, is derecognised as per the de-recognition provisions given under IAS 16.67-72, says Wilmot, (2012). Effect on Marvin Co. Ltd. Although the impact, both financial and administrative, will vary from entity to entity, it is in the best interest of Marvin to start an evaluation of the requirements needed for implementing IFRS 16. An analysis of the situation for the current Balance Sheet of Marvin Co. Ltd. has been provided in Appendix A at the end of this paper. Compensation Payments Unsecured Creditors The first tier of unsecuredcreditorsare those who are entitled to receive money from the company, but their claims are notsecuredor guaranteed. This group of creditorsincludes: bank lenders,employees, the government (taxes), suppliers and investors who have unsecured bonds, asper Ault, Arnold Gest, (2010). In some cases, the authorities allow the best interest test under which the debtor is required topayall thecreditors in full. In this context, entities use Chapter 11for paying their debtors and fulfil the best interest test bypaying creditorswith only a fraction of the outstanding debt, explain Ault, Arnold Gest, (2010). Under this standard, entities are required to recognise an allowance of either a 12-month or a lifetime Expected Credit Losses (ECLs) and this depends on the condition if there is a significant increase in credit risk since the initial recognition. However, for assessing if there is a significant increase in the credit risk, new data and processes will be required. While adopting the ECLs, entities will require to make significant changes in their current system and process. The ECL impairment requirements are to be adopted from 1 January 2018, although early application is permitted, details Renton, (2012). Effect on Marvin Co. Ltd. Although the impact, both financial and administrative, will vary from entity to entity, it is in the best interest of Marvin to start an evaluation of the requirements needed for implementing IFRS 9. An analysis of the situation for the current Balance Sheet of Marvin Co. Ltd. has been provided in Appendix A at the end of this paper. References Ault, H. J., Arnold, B. J. and Gest, G. 2010. Comparative income taxation: a structural analysis. 3rd ed. Kluwer Law International, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Deutsch, R., Friezer, M., Fullerton, I., Gibson, M., Hanley, P. and Snape, T. (2011) Australian tax handbook. Thomson Reuters, Pyrmont, NSW. Hanks, L. W. 2007. The busy family's guide to estate planning: 10 steps to peace of mind. Nolo, Berkeley, CA. Marsden, S. J. 2010. Australian Master Bookkeepers Guide, 3rd ed. CCH Australia Limited, Sydney, NSW. Nethercott, L., Devos, K. and Richardson, G. 2010. Australian taxation study manual: questions and suggested solutions, 20th ed. CCH Australia Limited, Sydney, NSW. Reimer, E., Urban, N. and Schmid, S. (ed.). 2011. Permanent Establishments. a Domestic Taxation, Bilateral Tax Treaty and OECD Perspective. Kluwer Law International, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Renton, N. E. 2012. Family Trusts: A Plain English Guide for Australian Families of Average Means, 4th ed. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Smith, B. and Koken, E. 2011.The Superannuation Handbook. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Wilmot, C. 2012. FBT Compliance Guide 2012. CCH Australia Limited, Sydney, NSW.

Watching the World Fall Apart A Post

War is one of the most hideous concepts that the humankind has ever come up with. While it is quite understandable that at the current stage of the development of humankind, some conflicts still have to be resolved with the use of coercive methods, war as a massive homicide still remains a truly revolting idea; and nowhere is this confrontation of common sense and humanism as evident as in the artworks of the artists of the WWI period, the time when the entire world seemed to be crashing into little pieces.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Watching the World Fall Apart: A Post-WWI Vision of the World in the Works of Otto Dix, Max Beckmann and George Grosz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The artist whose name seems to be the most recognizable all over the world, Otto Dix and his works seem to be a perfect start for an analysis of the art of the WWI era. The frightening images in the given picture capture the horro r that seized the world as the WWI erupted. It is quite symbolic that the audience cannot see the faces of the people in the picture; however, it is not as much symbolic as the fact that the faces in the picture, with gas masks on them, remind much of skulls, with empty eye sockets looking like hollow tunnels leading to nowhere. Dix, O. (1924). Stormtroops advancing under gas. Definitely one of Dix’s strongest works, the given piece of art crosses with an artwork of another famous artist of the WWI era, Max Beckmann. Comparing the aforementioned picture by Dix with Beckmann’s Hell Series seems a touch far-fetched, seeing how the rest of Beckmann’s works are far from being as on-the-nose as any of Dix’s paintings. However, the Hell Series was created as a response to the WWI events, which makes the given comparison rather legitimate. Unlike Dix, though, Beckmann does not seem to have his signature work, like Dix’s Stormtroops. On the contrary, ever y single piece of the Hell Series seems a piece of a single entity. Anyway, the Hell represents the author’s vision of the WWII and its insanity.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Beckmann, M. (1919). Hell. It is quite remarkable that in the given series, Beckmann avoided using his traditional color palette in several paintings, while in other ones belonging to the series, the color cast was quite aggressive, with a remarkable prevalence of orange and blue color. Beckmann, M. (1938). Hell of the birds. The given feature of Beckmann’s works draws the line between his vision of the WWI and the one of Dix; the latter considering war a blood-hungry beats that turns people into machines designed solely for killing, Beckman clearly sees the pain and torture that the nations were going through, as well as the humanist dilemma between the need to protect oneself and oneâ₠¬â„¢s family and the ethical unacceptability of a murder, even the murder of an enemy. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Watching the World Fall Apart: A Post-WWI Vision of the World in the Works of Otto Dix, Max Beckmann and George Grosz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Beckmann and Grosz: Selected works (n. d.). The last, but definitely not the least among the artists who made a difference by showing the world the true face of war, George Grosz also had a very distinct way of expressing his attitude towards the WWI. What is remarkable is Grosz’s being a German; therefore, by viewing his works, the audience finally gets to see the response from the other side of barricade. Weirdly enough, Grosz clearly focused on the bureaucratic implications behind the WWI process. For instance, the ink drawing Made in Germany, as well as Das neue Gesich der herrschenden Klasse, does not display either horror or magnific ence; on the contrary, it shows the measly details of the post-war life in Germany, therefore, offering a grotesque vision of the WWI processes. Grosz, G. (1921). Das neue Gesich der herrschenden Klasse. Despite the common theme, there are a number of differences between the artworks of the three painters, each of them reflecting his own experience and, therefore, personal vision of the war. To start with, the choice of the medium that the artists used to convey their ideas to the audience differs greatly. While Beckmann definitely preferred oil on canvas, Grosz and Dix clearly trusted in the powerful effect of lines drawn with the help of ink. However, the differences between the three artists are not restricted to the formal elements of the paintings. It is clear that each of the artists incorporated his unique experience to create the paintings, which sets the artworks in question miles apart.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As it has been mentioned above, Grosz was the only one of the three who consciously mocked the meanness of the German bureaucracy of the time (Lazzari Schleiser, 2011). The given mood in his art can be explained by harsh disappointment, which the artist had to go through after volunteering for the military service. The mockery of the German bureaucracy comes as a result of him being disillusioned. Beckmann’s motivations are a tad more complicated, yet nonetheless obvious. Having to participate in the WWI, which resulted in him getting injured, he had a very personal hatred towards the WWI and the people who started it (Huppauf, 1997). The given specifics of Beckmann’s vision can be traced easily in his post-war paintings, especially in Hell of the birds, where an individual is being crippled and executed by the crowd. In his turn, Dix indulges into depicting the macabre of the WWI, the revelry of death, which he observed in the Battle of Somme (Tatar, 1997). When comp aring the artworks of the three artists, one might notice that of all three of them, Dix was the only one who was able to see the grotesque side of this macabre, while the other two displayed the horrors of the war with trepidation and dread. Dix’s attitude towards the war seems to suck out all the emotion from the faces of the characters in his works; instead of portraying dismay and confusion, he left the faces covered, making it sure that the participants of the macabre in his artwork have little to no idea of what they are doing and why they are doing it. A complete loss of humanity and at the same time the hope for humanity is, thus, being depicted in a very graphic manner. Even though the three artists use completely different techniques, each having his own recognizable style, their paintings share a common idea, i.e., the fact that war is a hideous crime against humanity. With that being said, it must be admitted that the ways in which the three artists envisioned the WWI share the intense feeling of despair and fear. By far three most influential artists of the beginning of the XX century, Beckman, Dix and Grosz managed to embrace the horror that seized every single human being at the time and depict it in a way that makes the audience literally sense the atmosphere of the 1914–1918. Reference List Beckmann, M. (1919). Hell. Retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/~/media/Images/Exhibitions/Temporary/Max%20BeckmannHell2002491an534.ashx?mw=481 Beckmann and Grosz: Selected works (n. d.). A JPEG file. Retrieved Beckmann, M. (1938). Hell of the birds. Retrieved from http://www.artcyclopedia.com/index.html Dix, O. (1924). Stormtroops advancing under gas. Retrieved from http://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/tamar.leroy/british-literature-ii/otto-dix-stormtroops-advancing-under-gas-1/image_preview Huppauf, B.-R. (1997). War, Violence and the modern condition. New York, NY: DeGruyter. Grosz, G. (1921).Das neue Gesich der herrschenden Klasse. Retriev ed from http://payload10.cargocollective.com/1/2/88505/2516122/12-george-grosz-book-cover.jpg Lazzari, M. R. Schleiser, D. (2011). Exploring art: A global, thematic approach (4th  ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Tatar, M. (1997). Lustmord: Sexual murder in Weimar Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. This essay on Watching the World Fall Apart: A Post-WWI Vision of the World in the Works of Otto Dix, Max Beckmann and George Grosz was written and submitted by user Brayden Meadows to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Multiculturalism from a cognitive perspective essay part 2Essay Writing Service

Multiculturalism from a cognitive perspective essay part 2Essay Writing Service Multiculturalism from a cognitive perspective essay part 2 Multiculturalism from a cognitive perspective essay part 2Multiculturalism from a cognitive perspective essay part  1In fact, human growth and development affect inevitably the personal development of each individual. Therefore, clients of clinical mental health counselors are also vulnerable to the impact of their growth and cognitive development. Moreover, the development of mental health problems, as a rule, result from problems in cognitive development. For example, the retardation of the cognitive development of an individual may result in the development of long lasting mental health problems that may need the assistance of the clinical mental health counselor. In such a way, the understanding of mental health problems in clients can help clinical mental health counselors to develop effective approaches to the identification of roots of problems of their clients. Without understanding roots of mental health and psychological problems of clients, clinical mental health counsel ors cannot develop effective approaches to their treatment (Poyrazli, 2003). As a result, clinical mental health counselors should come prepared and understand human growth and development.How an understanding of human growth and development can assist the Clinical Mental Health Counselor?   Please include a discussion related to the context of development as it relates to multiculturalism, developmental disability, and exceptional abilities.Discuss and indicated a basic understanding of the context of development as it relates to multiculturalism, developmental disability, and exceptional abilities and apply information to the field of clinical mental health counseling and support information with cited references.The context of development is vulnerable to the impact of multiple factors, such as the cultural environment, individual developmental abilities or disabilities, and other factors that influence the individual development (Lucke, 2014). In this regard, the cultural impa ct is the most significant and may affect the personal development consistently. In fact, the cultural environment contributes to the formation of basic cultural social norms and values which influence the personal behavior, views and beliefs.At this point, multiculturalism has a particularly significant impact on the personal development of individuals. Unlike the monocultural environment, the multicultural environment is richer in terms of the cultural development of individuals because they learn from different cultural groups different norms and values. They open the way to the development of the broader eyesight and tolerance since people growing up in the culturally diverse environment learn that people are different and they may have different cultural values and norms. Instead, they tend to develop universal values and norms, which are applicable to the multicultural environment that means that these values and norms are acceptable for all cultural groups and actually are cu lturally neutral.The developmental disability is an important issue that affects consistently the personal and cognitive development of individuals. In fact, the developmental disability slows down the cognitive development and prevents individuals from the successful development, respectively to their age. Instead, developmental disabilities raise barriers on the way to the standard development of individuals (Lucke, 2014). As a result, individuals have difficulties with the transition to the next stage in their cognitive development. Such individuals need the assistance from the part of clinical mental health counselors, who can identify their problem and help to tackle their mental health and developmental problem successfully.Exceptional abilities are also quite challenging for the cognitive development of individuals. In contrast to the developmental disability, exceptional abilities involve specific abilities which are at the above the average level in individuals with excepti onal abilities. In contrast to the average people, people with exceptional abilities are gifted and outpace the average development of other individuals. For example, a child gifted in math may have exceptional mathematical abilities. At first glance, such a child will be more successful in learning math and related-subjects and outpace his/her peers (Tummala-Narra, 2013). On the other hand, such exceptional abilities in the field of math may alienate the child from his/her peers, who may feel their inferiority because of their gaps in math skills. The child may feel bored at math classes. At the same time, the child may have problems with the successful socialization because he/she may focus on the further development of math skills rather than on the development of social relations with their peers or other people.In what ways are the basic principles of your chosen developmental framework applied in contemporary clinical mental health counseling practice?   Please include a dis cussion related to how development according to your chosen theory contributes to a client’s resilience, and how the clinical mental health counselor can contribute to the client’s development of resiliency.Discuss and indicated a basic understanding of how development according to  chosen theory contributes to a client’s resilience and applied information to the field of clinical mental health counseling and support information with cited references.Piaget’s developmental theory holds the premise that individuals undergo through several stages in the course of their cognitive development. Each stage is characterized by the development of certain skills and abilities which prepare the individual to the transition to the next stage of the cognitive development (Watts, 2003). This theory contributes to the client’s resilience due to the better understanding of the current level of the cognitive development of the client. In such a way, the clinical mental health counselor should adapt to the current level of the cognitive development of the client and apply that information to develop effective approaches to counseling the particular client.Discuss and indicate a basic understanding of  how the clinical mental health counselor can contribute to the client’s development of resiliency and applied information to the field of clinical mental health counseling and supported information with cited references.The clinical mental health counselor can contribute to the client’s resiliency since he/she can offer multiple solutions and approaches to solution of the client’s mental health or psychological problem (Poyrazli, 2003). In such a way, the client can use specific recommendations of the clinical mental health counselor to change his/her behavior and elaborate positive behavioral patterns.Discussed and indicated a basic understanding of what ways the basic principles of the chosen developmental framework ar e applied in contemporary clinical mental health counseling practice and applied knowledge to examples and supported with cited references.Piaget’s developmental theory implies that individuals undergo different stages in their cognitive development. As a rule, individuals reach certain stage in their cognitive development through the development of basic skills, emotional development, and language development (Tummala-Narra, 2013). The transition between stages occurs in the natural way. The failure of the individual to develop the desired behavioral patterns at any stage of the cognitive development can trigger the development of psychological or mental health problems in a long-run perspective.Thus, the cognitive development of individuals may have a considerable impact on the performance of the clinical mental health counselor because counselors should understand human growth and development and apply it to their work with each client.

A Guide to Writing Recommendation Letters

A Guide to Writing Recommendation Letters A recommendation letter is a type of letter that provides a written reference and recommendation for inclusion. If you write a recommendation letter for someone else, you are essentially vouching for that person and saying that you believe in him or her in some way. Components of a Recommendation Letter Every recommendation letter should include three key components:A paragraph or sentence that explains how you know this person and the duration of your relationship with them.An evaluation of the person and their skills/accomplishments. If possible offer specific examples that illustrate the person’s strengths and qualifications. These examples should be brief but detailed.A summary that explains why you would recommend this person and to what degree you would recommend them.​ Who Needs a Recommendation Letter? Recommendation letters are generally used by students applying to undergraduate and graduate education programs and by people in the workforce who are applying for jobs. For example: Individuals who are applying to business school or an MBA program typically needs to two three recommendations that explain why they are a good candidate for business school. The recommendation might explain why they have leadership potential or how they have succeeded in past academic or business pursuits.  Some scholarship programs require applicants to submit recommendations to support their scholarship application. This is most common in merit-based programs that award scholarships based on academic merit, volunteer experience, etc.  A job seeker may also need a written professional reference  or recommendation that explains or supports the reasons why the job seeker is a good candidate for a particular position or company. These letters tend to focus on professional qualifications.   Before You Write a Recommendation Letter At some point in your life, you may need to write a recommendation letter for a former employee, co-worker, student, or someone else that you know well.  Writing a recommendation letter for another person is a large responsibility and should be taken very seriously. Before you agree to the task, make sure you have a clear understanding of what the letter will be used for and who will be reading it. This will make it easier for you to write for your audience. You should also make sure that you know what kind of information is being expected from you. For example, someone might need a letter highlighting their leadership experience, but if you dont know anything about that persons leadership capability or potential, youre going to have a hard time coming up with something to say. Or if they need a letter about their work ethic and you submit something about their ability to work well in teams, the letter wont be very helpful. If you feel that you can not properly convey the necessary information, because youre busy or dont write well, offer to sign a letter that has been drafted by the person who is requesting the reference. This is a very common practice and often works well for both parties. However, before you sign something written by someone else, make sure that the letter honestly reflects your true opinion. You should also keep a copy of the final letter for your records. What to Include in a Recommendation Letter The content of  the recommendation letter that you write will depend upon the needs of the person who is requesting the letter, but there are some common topics that are typically addressed in recommendation letters for job and education program applicants: Potential (such as leadership potential)Skills/Abilities/Strengths  DependabilityConsistencePersistenceMotivationCharacterContributions (to class or community)Accomplishments​ Sample Recommendation Letters You should never copy content from another recommendation letter; the letter that you write should be fresh and original. However, looking at a few sample recommendation letters is a good way to get inspiration for the letter that you are writing. Sample letters can help you to better understand the components of a letter and the types of things that typical recommenders focus on when writing a recommendation for a job seeker, college applicant, or graduate school candidate.

Trap ease america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trap ease america - Essay Example More men might be willing to use the cheap traps that are dangerous when loading, but after a single bad experience any men will automatically switch to a product such as Trap Ease. A target market that was not mentioned by the firm is the Asian marketplace. In Asia rats are used as a source of food. They consider rat meat a delicacy. The Trap Ease offers a more effective way to trap rats. The added cost will of the product are easier to absorb when a customer is going to make money by capturing the rat. The marketing mix can be defined as a set of marketing tools the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market (Kotler). The first issue with the marketing mix of the company is that the target market is not wide enough. Making women the target market is eliminating half the potential clients in the marketplace. The location variable is another problem. The amount of distribution channels for the product is not wide enough. The price for the product is reasonable at $2.49 retail, but if the company could lower the retail price of the product to $1.99 the demand of the product would go up a lot. The firm is not using any promotional tools effectively to educate the masses about the existence of the product and its advantages. The company should utilize a better product strategy. It would be wise to highlight the features of the trap in an advertising campaign. An improve packaging can make the product more appealing in the shelves of stores. Offering a greater variety of colors for the traps can help increase interest in the product and as a consequence its demand will go

Disclosing Illness in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Disclosing Illness in Children - Essay Example No challenges and obstacles should be oppressing our children. These claims are often provided by loving and caring parents. Very often they hide the truth from their children. In the context of medicine, ethical concerns are one of the most important. Therefore, when parents want to keep their children from knowing truth about their diagnoses, they are following such tendencies as fear to reduce child’s desire to live; avoid depression in their child, avoid social oppression or rejection etc (Hendrick, 2004). On the other hand, they are only complicating the situations, because children may be informed by third parties and then the pressure on them will be even more intense. There is a need to inform a child about the illness within family and develop illness coping strategies for sure (Leathard, McLaren, 2007). `In case children know their diagnosis, it will be easier for them to have higher self-esteem and to cause lower depression levels among their parents. In the case sc enario, a child does not know about her diagnosis hepatitis B. Her liver is being gradually destroyed and her mother wants to keep her uninformed about her status. On the other hand, it is better to inform the girl, because in such a way the danger of illness is potentially hazardous for her sexual partners for sure (Butts, 2008). Social implications of hiding the true diagnosis from a child may result in ruined friendship or damaged social contacts, distancing of family members and many other unpleasant things. It is better to inform the child about her diagnosis by family members at once. Of course, it is relevant to take into account child’s age and to find the best convenient time and ways of a child’s informing. There is a need to widen horizon of the neighbors or relatives about the illness in order not to keep them in fear. For example, the way HBV is transmitted is often unknown for people. All physicians of a child and family, few friends and family members sh ould be informed about a child’s diagnosis for sure (Dowrick and Frith, 1999). Of course, there is a chance that these people would remain aside this problem or would not understand your family, but it is better not to hide the truth for sure, but fight for a tolerant attitude to a child. There is a need for support from family members or friends. At this stage it is desirable to provide these people with relevant information about the disease (Reamer, 2005). Proper and on-time informing is worth consideration at different stages of diagnosis disclosure. Not only children should be prepared for this process, but all family member and the closest friends in order to support them. When child is at high school, she will be able to decide whether inform or not inform her friends about her diagnosis (Waz, 2010). Discussion and integration of the ethical principles and theories Treatment providers, the members of the family with HBV should follow ethics code. The highest standards of care should be developed in terms of ethics code. There is no need to choose between right or wrong decisions.  There is a need to balance ethical concerns of family members, teachers and medical staff in every particular case. Thus, it should be noted that professionals in medical sphere would always act in the interests of their client. For example, in this scenario they are worried about potential health hazards to her surrounding people and friends. Her mother is keeping secrets from

Altruism Essay Example for Free

Altruism Essay The statement â€Å"People never intentionally act to benefit others except only to obtain some good for themselves† is often described as Altruism or an Altruistic act. This statement is not entirely true. It is possible for someone to intentionally act to benefit others, but this is something that does not happen very often. There are multiple theories as to why people do and do not perform altruistic acts. If someone is a member of your family you are more likely to help a person in need, if you feel sympathetic towards someone you are likely to help a person in need or if it is a social norm you are likely to help them. If in a certain situation helping someone is not a social norm then you are less likely to help this person. Even if someone wanted to perform an altruistic act it is very difficult to do so in our society because we reward people who we perceive to be good, or to have done good things. If you perform an Altruistic act towards a member of your family would be acting within Hamilton’s kin selection theory (1960s). The kin selection theory which states that you are much more likely to perform an altruistic act if the person you are helping is a member of your family. An example of this is recently in Melbourne there was a wall collapse. Three people died as a result of this incident; a woman in her thirties and an eighteen and nineteen-year-old siblings, the older brother and his sister. The older woman died upon impact, as did the brother, but only after he shielded his sister from the collapsing wall. His sister also died later in hospital. (ABC News, 1st April 2013) This is an example of the kin selection theory. Instead of doing what benefited himself, he tried to save his sister, despite it having dire consequences. This would be considered an act of altruism as it did not benefit him, and in this case even had negative consequences, especially as his sister later died in hospital. Another reason people perform altruistic acts is out of sympathy. Sympathy is a natural feeling of concern for a person. Even if you can’t relate to the person you feel bad for them, or concerned for them. An example of someone feeling sympathetic is Julio Diaz, who when a mugger came up to him one night with a knife he handed over his wallet without complaint. When the mugger went to walk away he stopped him and offered him his coat as well, saying he didn’t want the mugger to get cold. He then continued to offer to buy the mugger dinner. (Huffington Post, 17th November 2011). Diaz obviously felt sympathy towards the mugger, or he wouldn’t have given over his wallet, jacket and paid for his dinner. Diaz ended up getting his wallet back from the boy who handed it over after they had eaten. Diaz felt sympathy towards the boy due to the fact that the boy had almost nothing, where as Diaz had enough money to comfortably live. Sympathy makes people feel like they have a moral obligation to help someone in need – the person they feel sympathetic towards. Sometimes people help others because it is considered a social norm. An example of this is saying please and thank you. This is considered normal in most societies and it is often frowned upon if you don’t use these. A social norm is something people often take for granted and a lot of people are shocked when someone doesn’t follow what they consider to be normal. Another example of a social norm in our society is to wear clothes in public. If you were walking down the street and you say someone walking towards you naked you would not think this was normal. You would wonder why they were naked and often avoid walking to close to, making eye contact with, or speaking to this person. If you were in some traditional aboriginal culture you would wear nothing but animal skin, or even walk around naked. This is/was considered a social norm within that society. There are some internationally recognized social norms, like not engaging in cannibalism, and dressing modestly. While not all societies, past or present, follow these social norms most of the world does. There are also norms within society, religion and individual families. A social norm in our society is mate-ship, not letting down your friends, family, or community. There are plenty of social norms in religion, such as in Christianity it is not exactable to love someone of the same sex. This is an example of a social norm that is slowly changing over time, as do most social norms. It was a social norm in Britain in the 1800’s that you attended church, where as in 2002 only 18. 6% of people in the United Kingdom attended church regularly. (Tearfund report, 2007) This is an example of how social norms change over time, and what we consider to be social norms at the moment may not be considered normal in 40,50,60,70 or more years. These things cannot be considered an altruistic act because you would benefit poorly from not doing these things, so it is good for you to say please and thank you, bringing it back to the first example. There are also plenty of things people do not do to help others because it is considered outside of the social norms. If you saw a drunk person on the street you probably wouldn’t help them because society has shaped us to think that these people brought the state they are in on themselves, therefore it is not our problem to help them once they are in this situation. Social norms can be beneficial, but they can also detrimental. Another instance where helping someone is not considered an altruistic act is if the act is mutually beneficial. This can cover a range of things, from the benefit to you being a smile from someone, to a bravery award. If you see a child drowning and you swim out and save them and when you get back their mother says thank you and buys you an ice cream then you are benefiting, the ice cream being the benefit. If while trying to save this child you drown you do not benefit in anyway, and this even has a negative affect on you. This would be an act of altruism because there is no mutual benefit. A benefit for you may be something as small as a good feeling inside, or a smile, but these are benefits of saving the child, there for there is mutual benefit. You walk away with a good feeling and maybe an ice cream and the child walks away with his life. A real life example of this is Don Richie, who lived just across the road from one of Australia’s most notorious suicide locations. It is estimated that Richie saved more than 160 lives in his lifetime. He received the title of Australia’s local hero in 2011(ABC Radio, 14th May 2012). This is something he got out of stopping these people commit suicide. Despite the fact that he had no knowledge he was going to receive this award when he started saving people, because he received this award it is not an act of altruism. Some would argue that even if he hadn’t received this award these would still not be acts of altruism, as he felt good about saving these people, and it made him a happier person. This is his benefit, making it mutually beneficial and not an act of altruism. People do act to benefit others, without obtaining good for themselves, but this is a rare situation. Whether the person wanted to obtain some good for themselves or not they almost always do, as acts of kindness are rewarded in most societies. While people can intentionally act to benefit others without obtaining good for themselves this almost never happens, simply because of the way our society is shaped.

Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe - King of Nothing :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Robinson Crusoe is said to be the first realistic novel ever, an it is written by Daniel Defoe. In this novel we meet Robinson Crusoe who is stranded on a uninhabited island. In the topical excerpt called "the print of a foot" Crusoe sees a footprint, and he starts wondering if the island really is uninhabited. Though Robinson Crusoe is stranded on a island in the middle of nowhere without any facilities, he is not a desperate man in any way. He sees himself as a king or an emperor, an feels kind of free, despite the limited geographical space. Crusoe also says "I had neither the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eye, or the pride of life. I had nothing to covet, for I had all that I was now capable of enjoying". The fact that the environment around Crusoe has been changed completely, has also changed his way of thinking. Women has been less importaint, which is naturale since there are no women around. But we can also see how the lack of material things, forces Crusoe to focus on other tings and get other values. He starts thinking and reflecting about life and his own surroundings. Crusoe becomes pleased with the fact that he has everything he needs on the island, and he uses only what is needed; nothing more. The religious aspect of Robinson Crusoe should be mentioned. Crusoe t hinks a lot about God and the Devil. He looks upon every positive ting, such as the rich nature, as gifts from God. Crusoe is very thankfull to this, and he is happy that he is able to consider what he enjoed, rather then what he wanted. But also the Devil was something he beleaved existed. This shows when Crusoe one day sees the footprint in the sand, and first thinks that it must be the Devil. After some time though, he concludes that this can not be right. It must have someother explanation... Of course Robinson Crusoe can be seen as "an ideal of individual enterprise empire-building". Crusoe fights the nature and manage to live well on a island all by himselfe. He also take care of the environment in a good way. But in all this, I also think there is a fundamental thought of power, which we can be critical to.

Keeping fit

Our health depends on our life. Most people are busy working, pupils are busy studying, but they always find time to relax and enjoy themselves. Physical culture and sports in our country are part of our cultural and public life. It is very popular with young people. Sport is also paid great attention in schools, colleges and universities. Every city and town has a few stadiums, swimming pools, amateur clubs and keep-fit centers where people go aerobics, yoga, body-building, swimming, skating and Jogging.Sports help people to maintain good health and enjoy life, but some boys and girls do not want to take an active part in them. They do not believe that sport is very necessary and also they think that sport may stand in the way of other important things. Everyone knows that getting fit is good for health buy why it is good and what are the ways to be fit? There are some unusual ways of keeping fit: -First way is that you can practice korfball. Korfball is a mixture between handball a nd basketball, it is a fast exciting game.The main difference is that men and women play on the same team. It is also a good way to keep fit – The second way is to practice Tat-Chi. It is a Chinese martial art which goes back thousands of years. Tat-Chi is very gentle and consists of slow movements which it is important to do carefully. The big advantage is that you can do it anywhere and it is an excellent way of getting rid of stress. – The third way is gaming for fitness. Most people do not see playing video games as a way of keeping fit.You sit on the floor, look at the screen and the only part f your body that moves is your thumb. Thanks to brand new game Dance Revolution, games are now getting on exercise floor and it is an easy and exciting way of getting fit for everyone. Getting in shape has never been more popular. For millions of people around the world, regular exercise is now part of their daily lives. Some people Jog, cycle and swim, while others prefer t o work out in gyms or play team sports.Another reason for fitness boom is youth and beauty, because men and women try their best to look as young and attractive as possible. Fit people not only feel good-they look good too. There are some advantages of being fit: -Firstly it reduces the risk of heart attacks -Secondly it increases strength, stamina, and suppleness -Thirdly it helps people to lose weight – Fourthly it means that people sleep better and do not get tired so better – Finally it makes people feel healthier, happier and more positive. As for me, I do sport regularly. I am not a professional.I play badminton with my friends,but my favorite sport is swimming and I go to the swimming-pool twice a week. This helps me feel fit and healthy. Keeping fit doesn't mean only doing sport. It also includes the right way of eating. Nowadays it is very popular to go on a diet. On the one hand, it makes people feel better because they avoid eating fatty and unhealthy food, but on the other hand, some people start eating very little and they lose weight and do not look healthy at all. It is necessary to get all types of vitamins to keep body healthy.It is recommended to eat fruit and vegetable because they contain a lot of important itamins and one of them is vitamin C. A lot of people like spending most of their spare time watching TV or working at computers. Such people ruin their eyes and their muscles do not work well. This way of life is not healthy. There are also bad habits that can damage health of people. They include smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs. A lot of young people prefer smoking to going in for sport and this is not good. As for me, I try to lead a healthy life, because I like feeling happy

The Relevance of Loyalty in “Julius Caesar”

The Relevance of Loyalty in Julius Caesar In the Shakespearean play Julius Caesar, loyalty is relevant to each person. In the eyes of Marc Antony, Marcus Brutus, and Cassius, the term â€Å"loyalty† means something entirely different to each man. In a sense, each of the three characters is only loyal to what he thinks is good and right but in some cases, his morals also fluctuate with his desires. Marc Antony plays the specific role of a son-like figure to Caesar.He takes no part in the conspiracy which eventually leads to the demise of Caesar although when Caesar does die, Antony baits Marcus Brutus with flattery to ensure his relative favor with Caesar’s murderers. Nonetheless, Marc Antony is loyal to Caesar as well as the memory of Caesar. He uses his â€Å"favor† with Brutus and the conspirators to gain permission to speak at Caesar’s burial ceremony, subtly inciting rebellion in the citizens of Rome. As previously stated, Antony is loyal to Caesar in life as well as in death.Marcus Brutus’ loyalties, on the other hand, lie with Rome. As one of Caesar’s most trusted friends, Brutus respects and admires Caesar but when decisions concern the entire Roman Empire, Brutus weighs Rome more important than his friend. Because of this loyalty to Rome, Brutus is swayed by one of the conspirators and becomes a conspirator himself. He doesn’t side with Caesar’s enemies because of envy or jealousy but because he believes it is the right thing to do in Rome’s best interest.During the play, Brutus is in constant war with himself, wondering if what he did was the right thing. His loyalty to Rome and his friendship with Caesar battle with each other throughout the piece. Cassius, however, is consumed with a lust for power and Caesar is obviously in his way. It seems he plots to kill Caesar for his own personal gain. Cassius uses Brutus as a â€Å"puppet†, thinking Brutus will do whatever he requests. He i s abruptly proven wrong when Brutus confronts Cassius of his crooked demands.Cassius is enraged but is placated soon after. He is loyal only to himself, using the excuse of preserving democracy to rationalize his actions. Marc Antony was loyal to Caesar, Marcus Brutus was loyal to Rome, and Cassius was loyal to himself. Three men fought for three different causes, two noble and one ignoble. Though Brutus and Cassius both wanted Caesar’s death, they wanted it for two very different reasons. In Julius Caesar, loyalty is consistent with men’s beliefs. Each man made his choices based on the foundation of his loyalties.

Nuclear Bombs essays

Nuclear Bombs essays On April 12th 1945, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died. His successor, Harry S. Truman, took hold of the American presidency and immediately had immense pressure upon his shoulders. He was briefed on the recent completion of the worlds first atomic bomb, made in Los Alamos, New Mexico. The project, called the Manhattan project, was headed by President Roosevelt to quickly end World War II. This was the most powerful weapon ever constructed, and the new President had the stress of determining if the bomb would be used on human beings. The war in Germany ended only a month later, thus closing one front of the war. With the European theater closed, the US could focus more on fighting the war in the Pacific with Japan. Many factors were now involved in President Trumans decision. An invasion of Japan was already planned in November of that same year, with the expected casualties in the millions. The Soviet Unions leader, Joseph Stalin, had agreed to help end the war with Japan, but Soviet help would only help the nation to conquer more land. Truman needed to decide which factors would persuade him to act. Many of the creators of the bomb were horrified at what they saw in Alamogordo New Mexico on the day of detonation. The head creator of the bomb, Enrico Fermi stated, Good God in heaven, what have we done! This creation of ours can only bring nothing but utter destruction to civilization. The idea of its use on human beings appalls even the most heinous life forms on this Earth. May God have mercy on our souls.1 After the testing, the creators of the bomb had a meeting with the United Nations war council to deter the use of the weapon. They suggested demonstrating the power of the weapon to the Japanese instead of using it. This way the Japanese would be persuaded into surrender. Dr. Oppenheimer, the head of the council stated that the US should have the Japanese ...view a demonstration...

Biography of Chief Massasoit, Native American Hero

Biography of Chief Massasoit, Native American Hero Chief Massasoit (1580–1661), as he was known to the Mayflower Pilgrims, was the leader of the Wampanoag tribe. Also known as The Grand Sachem as well as Ousemequin (sometimes spelled Woosamequen), Massasoit played a major role in the success of the Pilgrims. Conventional narratives of Massasoit paint the picture of a friendly Native American who came to the aid of the starving Pilgrims- even joining them in what is considered the first Thanksgiving feast- for the purpose of maintaining peaceful relationships and harmonious co-existence. Fast Facts: Known For: Leader of the Wampanoag tribe, who helped the Mayflower PilgrimsAlso Known As: The Grand Sachem, Ousemequin (sometimes spelled Woosamequen)Born: 1580 or 1581 in  Montaup, Bristol, Rhode IslandDied: 1661Children: Metacomet,  WamsuttaNotable Quote: What is this you call property? It cannot be the earth, for the land is our mother, nourishing all her children, beasts, birds, fish and all men. The woods, the streams, everything on it belongs to everybody and is for the use of all. How can one man say it belongs only to him? Early Life Not much is known about Massasoits life before his encounters with the European immigrants other than he was born in Montaup (now Bristol, Rhode Island) around 1580 or 1581. Montaup was a village of the Pokanoket people, who later became known as the Wampanoag. By the time of the Mayflower Pilgrims interactions with him, Massasoit had been a great leader whose authority extended throughout the southern New England region, including the territories of the Nipmuck, Quaboag, and Nashaway Algonquin tribes. Colonists Arrival When the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth in 1620, the Wampanoag had suffered devastating population losses due to a plague brought by Europeans in 1616; estimates are that upwards of 45,000, or two-thirds of the entire Wampanoag nation, had perished. Many other tribes had also suffered extensive losses throughout the 15th century due to European diseases. The arrival of the English with their encroachments on Indian territories combined with the depopulation and the Indian slave trade, which had been underway for a century, led to increasing instability in tribal relationships. The Wampanoag were under threat from the powerful Narragansett. By 1621, the Mayflower Pilgrims had lost half of their original population of 102 people as well; it was in this vulnerable state that Massasoit as the Wampanoag leader sought alliances with the equally-as-vulnerable pilgrims. The Pilgrims were impressed with Massasoit. According to MayflowerHIstory.com, Plymouth colonist Edward Winslow described the chief as follows: In his person he is a very lusty man, in his best years, an able body, grave of countenance, and spare of speech. In his attire little or nothing differing from the rest of his followers, only in a great chain of white bone beads about his neck, and at it behind his neck hangs a little bag of tobacco, which he drank and gave us to drink; his face was painted with a sad red like murry, and oiled both head and face, that he looked greasily. Peace, War, and Protection When Massasoit entered into a treaty of mutual peace and protection with the pilgrims in 1621, there was more at stake than a simple desire to make friends with the newcomers. Other tribes in the region were entering into agreements with the English colonies as well. For example, the Shawomet Purchase (todays Warwick, Rhode Island), in which sachems Pumhom and Sucononoco claimed they had been forced to sell under duress a large tract of land to a rogue Puritan group under the leadership of Samuel Gorton in 1643, led to tribes placing themselves under the protection of the Massachusetts colony in 1644. By 1632, the Wampanoags were engaged in a full-scale war with the Narragansett. Thats when Massasoit changed his name to Wassamagoin, which means Yellow Feather. Between 1649 and 1657, under pressure from the English, he sold several large tracts of land in Plymouth Colony. After abdicating his leadership to his eldest son Wamsutta (aka Alexander), Massasoit is said to have gone to live the rest of his days with the Quaboag who maintained the highest respect for the sachem. Later Years and Death Massasoit is often held up in American history as a hero because of his alliance and assumed love for the English, and some of the documentation hints at an overestimation of his esteem for them. For example, in one story when Massasoit contracted an illness in March 1623, Plymouth colonist Winslow is reported to have come to the side of the dying sachem, feeding him comfortable conserves and sassafras tea. Upon his recovery five days later, Winslow wrote that Massasoit said that the English are my friends and love me and that whilst I live I will never forget this kindness they have showed me. However, a critical examination of the relationships and realities casts some doubt over Winslows ability to heal Massasoit, considering the Indians superior knowledge of medicine and likelihood that the sachem was being attended to by the tribes most skilled medicine people. Still, Massasoit lived for many years after this illness, and he remained a friend and ally of the Mayflower Pilgrims until his death in 1661. Legacy Peace between the Wampanoag Nation and the Pilgrims lasted for four decades after the 1621 treaty, and centuries after his death, Massasoit has not been forgotten. For more than 300 years, Massasoit, and many artifacts related to his time as chief were buried in Burr’s Hill Park, which overlooks Narragansett Bay in the present-day town of Warren, Rhode Island. A confederation of Wampanoags, who still live in the area, worked for two decades to secure funding and dig up Massasoits remains and the remains and artifacts of many other Wampanoag tribe members who were buried in Burrs Hill. On May 13, 2017, the confederation re-interred the remains and items in the park in a concrete vault marked with a simple boulder during a solemn ceremony. They hope the burial site will eventually be added to the National Register of Historic Places. Ramona Peters, the repatriation coordinator of the Wampanoag Confederation who led the project, explained shortly before the re-interment: I would hope Americans would be interested too. Massasoit made it possible for the colonization of this continent. Sources Daley, Jason. â€Å"Massasoit, Chief Who Signed Treaty With the Pilgrims, To Be Reburied.†Ã‚  Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 21 Apr. 2017.Hayes, Ted. â€Å"Burrs Hill Re-Burial to Be Solemn, Private Affair.†Ã‚  RhodyBeat, 12 May 2017.â€Å"Massasoit.†Ã‚  MayflowerHistory.com.â€Å"Massasoit Quotes. AZ Quotes.

The Zachman Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Zachman Framework - Essay Example Despite numerous achievements, many information systems leave sufficient room for improvement. Less than a decade ago, John A. Zachman (1996) wrote that information technologies and systems in most of Fortune 500 enterprises were in the state of deep frustration. Today’s information technologies are much better than those in the middle of the 1990s, but there are no limits to excellence. The Zachman framework exemplifies a successful attempt to revolutionize enterprise architecture principles and solve the centuries old problem of inefficient enterprise architecture, which hinders the development of relevant business frameworks. The beginning of the 1980s was marked with the rapid advancement of information technologies and systems. However, it was not before the end of the 1980s-the beginning of the 1990s that enterprise engineering ideas became popular and relevant. Throughout of the 1980s, most enterprise modeling ideas were limited to simplified application development, with no attention given to the concept of architecture and its implications for information systems evolution (Zachman, 1993). The lack of attention to enterprise architecture and reengineering precipitated the development of the Zachman framework. In today’s information systems practice, the Zachman framework is believed to be the most comprehensive and practical of all enterprise architecture systems known to the public (Urbaczewski & Mrdalj, 2006). The Zachman framework represents a logical structure that helps to clarify, classify, and organize the main descriptive representations of enterprise architecture (Zachman, 1993). ... The Zachman framework represents a logical structure that helps to clarify, classify, and organize the main descriptive representations of enterprise architecture (Zachman, 1993). The Zachman framework â€Å"comprises descriptive representations that are essential to successful management of enterprises and future development of information systems† (Zachman, 1993). The framework is built on previous models of architecture and engineering, used to organize processes and decisions in complex manufacturing processes (Zachman, 1993). The main goal of the framework is to simplify and facilitate the development of complex enterprise architecture solutions (Zachman, 1993). The Zachman framework is a bi-dimensional scheme of classifying all descriptive representations of any enterprise (Frankel et al, 2003). The framework comprises one vertical and one horizontal dimension; the former describes all perspectives of those who use the descriptions and models in the cells, whereas the la tter helps to answer â€Å"the basic questions of enterprise architecture – what, how, where, who, when, and why† (Frankel et al, 2003). Models represented in the Zachman framework include (from the top to the bottom) â€Å"scope, business model, system model, technology model, detailed representations, and the functioning enterprise† (Frankel et al, 2003). The scope sets the boundaries of enterprise architecture and creates a general picture of enterprise architecture to be considered by managers (Frankel et al, 2003). The business model incorporates all types of architectures and frameworks used by corporate owners (Frankel et al, 2003). The system model is devoted to architectures and systems used by architects and engineers,

The Farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Farm - Essay Example Corn farming may seem to be an uncomplicated endeavor but this work entails a lot of hard work and sacrifices and it poses a variety of influences to the life of a society as a whole. This chapter gives a narrative account about a farm in Iowa specifically in a place named Greene County (Pollan, 2006). This farm is situated in a part described as having some of the richest soil in the world, a layer of cakey alluvial loam nearly two feet thick (Pollan, 2006, p. 33). The narrator in the story is driving the tractor of one of the farmers mentioned who is named George Naylor (Pollan, 2006). The principal crop that is being planted by Naylor is corn (Pollan, 2006). It is described how corn is planted by farmers throughout the years and the different government policies and innovations with regards to farming are also given consideration in this chapter. The chapter is worth reading for a variety of reasons. First, it is very informative for the reason that it tells the life of a farmer, which does not only focus on the typical life of a farmer wherein he plants and reaps his harvest. Conversely, the life of the farmer, Naylor is rooted with a variety of events that contributed to the manner how he manages his farm (Pollan, 2006). Second, it stirs up the interest of readers towards farming which for others may just be plain and simple but it portrays that there is more to farming than just planting and harvesting. Farming is highlighted to be in the bloodstream of Naylor because his father too was a farmer (Pollan, 2006). Corn farming is full of intricacies for the reason that a farmer must choose the right breed to plant in his soil and find means to increase his harvest such as choosing the right pesticide to drive pests away which could be detrimental to his crops, choose the right fertilizer that will make his crops stouter and the strategy to

Cross cultural communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cross cultural communication - Essay Example Cultural differences define the communication, attitude, behavior, decision making process and the leadership style. The impact of these cultural differences on the organization can be understood from the illustration that when a Japanese firm sends its executive to United States as head of operations that executive have to understand the cultural differences of the two countries. Japanese organizational culture can be termed as collectivism where group has priority over individual whereas US is characterized by Individualism. The individual comes before the group. Due to this difference attitude, behavior, motivation, reward and leadership style is altogether different in the two countries. The Japanese not only has to realize the importance of individual reward and individual contributions but also must recognize the potential conflict in individual and group roles in US. Toyota executives had to face these difficulties in acclimatizing to US culture (Griffin). Despite accelerated globalization organizations only managed to transcend boundaries but they were unable to operate beyond nationality. What we observe today is a wide range of cultural differences in work related values, attitudes and behavior. This requires an effective cross culture communication so that these cultural differences and workforce diversity can be utilized to maximize organizational benefits. Hofstede has identified five dimensions of cultural differences which influence organizations. They are namely individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, career success/quality of life and Confucian dynamism. Successful organizations explore these differences and take advantage of these differences (Nancy J Adler). Same is done by Toyota. There is huge difference in the organizational culture of the company in Japan and in America but they have managed it very successfully. At the macro level operations of the organization remains the same it is only at the micro level whe re the differences exists and they are exploited to the full advantage of the company. Cross cultural communication differences arise because communication style or preferences are deep rooted in our culture which we learn with experiences throughout our life. Our culture is so much inside us that we expect the whole world to look at it in the same way. Learning a foreign knowledge is not enough for cross cultural communication. Intercultural communication can be improved by developing an understanding of the following three factors. External and internal culture, high context and low context culture and the last is monochromic and polychromic time. Understanding of external culture can be very easily developed through history, politics etc. It is the internal culture which defines our attitudes, behavior and values that creates misunderstandings in most of the cross cultural encounters. This vast difference in the internal culture of the two societies i.e. Japan and USA is a source of many misunderstandings in the organization. Japan has a culture of respect and politeness and they expect the same in return whereas internal culture of USA is more direct, straightforward and frank. High context and low context cultures also define our communication styl

Health Promotion Education

Health Promotion Education Health promotion or education strategies are applicable to all health problems and are not restricted to any particular health issue or particular group of behaviours. World Health Organization (WHO) (1986) explains that health promotion entails the processes which make possible people to enhance their understanding and control their health in order to improve their health. For a person to attain a state of full physical, psychological as well as social happiness a person or a group has to be able to recognise and understand goals, to satisfy their wants, and modify or deal with the environment as well as illness. Thus, health is viewed as a resource for daily life, and not the goal of living. More so, health is a constructive aspect stressing social as well as personal resources together with physical abilities. Consequently, health promotion or education is not only the duty of health sector, except tit entails much more than a healthy life-style. This essay seeks to address the ro le that health education/promotion can play in empowering patients to take more responsibility for their own health. A lot of present day and tomorrows main causes of disease, disability and even death are issues which can be greatly reduced through preventive attitudes which are learned through health promotion or education in earlier ages and build through social as well as political strategies and stipulations. However as Naidoo and Wills (2000):observes, Health promotion programs need to be harmonized through effective collaboration across all sectors, professions as well as health agencies, And should be conveyed in way which is sensitive to the culture of the people. Naidoo and Wills (2000) underscore the 1997 WHO Jakarta declaration which outlined five main approaches for effective health promotion /education. Formulating a healthy public strategy Creating a supportive atmosphere Strengthening community action plan Development of personal skills and abilities Reorientation of health services Partnership working Health promotion delivery can be highly improved through creation of partnership working as noted by the WHO. Widening the foundation of health intervention approaches implies tackling socio-economic together with environmental aspects, improvement of accessibility to health services, reduction of inequalities in addition to targeting health education to each and every group regardless of age, gender, and status or age differences. Addressing health inequalities In order to formulate an effective health promotion strategy, health inequalities has to be addressed and taken as part of formulation of education plan (Braun et al, 2000). Professions in all health bodies have a duty of delivering successful local health interventions in order to decrease inequalities. In addition to that, all professions in health agencies have a duty to address health promotion or education and preventative measures which aim at reducing effects caused by sore throat A lot of suggestions put forward by Braun et al (2000) can be undertaken within a local set-up, for instance raising the intake of advantages within a suitable group, formulating health education in schools, promoting waking and making sure that all the requirements from all groups of people even the ethnic minorities are considered when formulating health policies. Frameworks There are a number of models which have been formulated in order to help in heath promotion, these models are basically grouped into two main groups which are: Health promotion concepts which describe health promotion as a scope of interventions (formulated by, Tannahill (1985); French and Adams (1986); Beattie (1991)) Health promotion model which analyse health determinants and suggest responsive measures (Laframboise (1973); Raeburn and Rootman, (1989); Hancock, 1993) In these two main classes of health promotion models, Naidoo and Wills (2000) explains that, the health practitioners are viewed as leaders (figures with power) or as facilitators of activities (negotiators) Beatties model of health promotion According to this model, there are four main aspects entailed in health promotion. These main aspects are: Health persuasion Personal counselling Community development Legislative action These four main aspects contribute in attaining a full picture when formulating a local health promotion action strategy for partnership collaboration. Ajzen, (1991) clearly observes that, all heath promotion models measures require understating by the patients own intent to change his/her behaviour. The concept of intended behaviour by Ajzen (1991) is among a number of behaviour modification outlined in health promotion main steps. According to this concept, there are three main steps regarding an individuals intended behaviour these are: A persons attitude is determined his/her thinking regarding the consequences The expectations from other people The persons supposed control and values in their capacity to change Every agency or persons involved in health promotion is highly encouraged to apply these concepts in supporting their individual initiatives whilst formulating a multi-partnership long term plan. Nurse practitioners Nurse practitioners have more experience which they gain through extra training they get which gives the ability to see patients who have various minor illnesses as well as injuries. This entails going through the history of the illness, undertaking a physical analyses, instigating blood tests or performing any other test as it may be indicated. In addition to that the nurse practitioner has a duty of carrying out a diagnosis as well as giving treatment options to the patient. It is against this background that makes these nurse practitioners to be in a better position of performing health promotion/ education in order to empower patients with knowledge on how to manager a number of minor illness which are common but not alarming. As such nurse practitioners are in a central position of empowering patients on sore throat management. Minor illness: Sore throat Many of minor illness such as sore throat can be mainly be managed through O.T.C (over the counter) non prescriptions drugs which are able to offer relief to the symptoms. Nevertheless, it is Robbins et al (2003) notes that all minor illnesses have a possibility of turning out to be serious. Patients should be advised that they should seek for the services of a doctor or a nurse in case the symptoms of such an illness are sore throat turns to be severe or in case there is sudden change of symptoms upon taking the OTC drugs, or when they are not working. Robbins et al (2003) observes that, patients with sore throat can be advised not to sure any outdated drug or antibiotics which they used in the past, this information are also pertinent to patients with other minor illness. Sore throat management Sore throat is among the most common minor illnesses which affect persons of all ages all over the world. However, children have been known to suffer from sore throat more than adults, on an average it has been established that children suffer from sore throat five or six times every year (Health Development Agency, 2004). In UK, about 90 of children in pre-school age group are known to look for consultation form a doctor at on point or another, mainly for symptoms which are associated with sore throat. Sore throat is among top ten common illnesses which patients come for consultation in primary care, whereby children seek consultation than any other group. More so, about one child in every 7 children who consult because of sore throat will again seek for consultation for sore throat after some time (Health Development Agency, 2004). These numbers have changed just slightly over the years. Adult Patients on the other hand on many occasions show anxiety as well as hopelessness when de aling with sore throat. Such problems and worries can be effectively addressed through the provision of reliable clear information about health, through heath promotion activities. (Health Development Agency, 2004) Nursing practitioner can use heath promotion to increase the ability of patients to manage sore throat. Sore throat management in general nursing practice and advancement to tonsillectomy in some cases lead to noteworthy use of health care services resources. In many cases, sore throat condition is comparatively minor and also self restrictive. Sore throat has got very little if any lasting adverse health consequences. Nonetheless, a considerable proportion of patients undergo undesirable morbidity and inconveniences caused by sore throat. Due to this many patients seek health practitioners who may keenly treat them, using antibiotics of substantial costs and questionable efficiency. (Health Development Agency, 2004) Basing on data from national health care records, sore throat is ranked as the eighth very common appearance in primary health care for many people (NSH, 2000). This translates to about 1 person in every 30 people. National Health Services (NHS) has averaged that annually, there are 0.1 consultations carried out concerning sore throat. Assuming that each consultation made cost 10 sterling pounds, then it cost the National Health Services (NHS), about 60 million sterling pounds every year, before adding any other cost of investigating or treating sore throat. Hence, heath promotion becomes very important in reducing these costs and in empowering people on how to manage sore throat. In addition many of sore throat illness gain exceptionally little from treatment through using antibiotics (Schalock 2000) Yet again; the use of these antibiotics continues to be common with many patients with sore throat receiving antibiotics. But, unnecessary prescription of antibiotic only results in wasted heath care resources, results in a cycle which promotes additional consultations in future for same sore throat illness and as well contributes a lot to the antibiotic resistance problem. Factors which influence people to take a decision to seek consultations comprise concerns, beliefs, knowledge and also expectations. Patients often dread any illness, and they mainly worry that they may not be capable of recognizing symptoms of a grave aliment (Ajzen 2002). Some patients get anxious of ‘bothering their normal practitioners with sore throat illness. At the same time these patients do not have knowledge about have best to treat a sore throat. Patients might have certain belief regarding the causes of sore throat illness (Ajzen, 2002), the implications of the sore throat symptoms and also the effectiveness of drugs to treat sore throat. Lazenbatt et al (2001) explains that, offering patients with information which is written regarding sore throat illness may assist to decrease the anxiety these patients suffer and improve the patient satisfaction as well as enablement. More so, the use these written information can reduce s re-consultations rates and use of antibiotics to cure sore throat. Expectations with which patients come at consultations rooms may have an impact on the way patients may be treated. There is no doubt that a patient who walks into a consultation room being expected to treated with antibiotic may end up being prescribed by an antibiotic particularly from a drug stores. But, studies have indicated that patients value getting a through assessment, explanations, assurance and guidance or advice more that receiving prescriptions. Such revelations show the importance and the value of these patients being offered health education regarding the management of their illness, in this case sore throat. (Lazenbatt et al 2001) Health promotion The present scope of nursing does acknowledge the key role of nurse practitioners in health promotion /education, Prevention of diseases and treatment of these diseases, sore throat management through medications as well as through non medication treatment. The public frequently seek out nurse practitioners as their main source of health advice and also care for a number of minor illnesses since nurse practitioners are easily assessable. In 2001 a report by Department of Health (2001a) underscored the importance of nurse practitioners in health promotion and highlighted the advantages of using these practitioners in health promotion at the same time calling for them to collaborate with other professions in health promotion/ education regarding minor illness. Sore throat A number of measures have been formulated which nursing practitioners can use to in promoting health education regarding sore throat. National Health Services (NHS) recommends that the following steps should be followed by the practitioners in health promotion: Throat swabs need not to be done as a routine in sore throat examination Practitioners should not relay on clinical examination to distinguish between bacterial and viral sore throat Do not perform rapid antigen routine in the case of sore throat, but it is suggested that research has to be carried out through the use of antibody titres. Patients need to be told by nurse practitioners that the common cause of sore throat is a virus or bacteria, though some other causes can also lead to sore throat. But, when one gets a sore throat it is possible to mange the sore throat by undertaking the following steps. Taking of pain killers, in specific soluble analgesia, dissolve tow tablets and take them three times each day, it has been proved to be highly effective Rest your voice when having sore throat as much as you can keep off smoking if you smoke and avoid smoky surroundings Increase the amounts of fluids you take, keep your self warm and try going to sleep early. Take antibacterial lozenges only or together with throat sprays which contains anaesthetics to get pain relief. When a patient takes these steps, a lot of sore throat cases will be treated without necessary going to the get a doctor or seeking other heath practitioners services. However if a person takes the above mentions steps and still feels the following, then he/she needs to see the doctor. Relentless sore throat Having problems in swallowing or having severe pain when swallowing Experiencing fever or chill Wheeze for those patients who suffer from asthma or having difficulties in breathing Experiencing lethargy Sore throat Management Paracetamol is successful and efficient in treating symptoms related to sore throat when administered within 48 hours. Pateients can also use ibuprofen effectively to manage symptoms related to sore throat if they take it within the48 hours. Patients need to take paracetamol as a medication of analgesia caused by sore throat , putting in consideration the high dangers which are related to other analgesics When using antibiotics patients, its is important the nursing practitioners as well educate the general public and patients in particular on management of sore throat in relation to antibiotics. In particular these information needs to be delivered: Penicillin seems to have a crucial (though small) advantage against analgestics/antipyretics specifically in initial lessening of symptoms in patients who have harsh symptoms of sore throat. Nevertheless, antibiotics must not be taken routinely to bring about symptomatic reprieve in cases of sore throat. Sore throat need not to be treated using antibiotics particularly to avert the rheumatic fever development or severe glomerulonephritis development Using antibiotics can avert cross infection of sore throat within the group A beta haemolytic in situation where institutions are closed for example boarding schools or barracks. However, the antibiotics must not be routinely applied to avert cross infection of sore throat within the common community. (Roberts, et al, 2002) To prevent suppurative complication in sore throat infection does not imply specific sign for antibiotic treatment. Preventing sore throats It is not possible to fully prevent sore throat; however the nurse practitioners have to educate the patients on how to reduce the risks and the manner in which to take care so that one can avoid getting sore throat as much as its possible. The following steps are important preventative measure which needs to be undertaken by each individual: Taking a well balanced and healthy meal with lots of vegetables and fresh fruits Getting enough sleep in the night and enough rest Not smoking Avoiding surroundings which are smoky as much as one can manage Indications of tonsillectomy in sore throat In cases where tonsillectomy develops as a result of sore throat, then patients have to know that the following aspects may occur: They mare suffer five or extra cases of sore throat each year, or may have sore throat symptoms through out the year. It is recommended that patients should take six month duration being watchful of any symptoms before tonsillectomy in order to establish strongly the manner of the symptoms and permit patients to take into account the entire implications of having an operation. The moment a decision is reached to perform tonsillectomy, then the operation should be performed as quickly as possible, in order to maximise the duration of benefit prior to natural resolution of symptoms occurring (without having performed tonsillectomy). The health practitioners should know that sore throat which is related with respiratory problems or stridor is an utter warning for a patient to be admitted. But, at the same time practitioners have to be aware of the basic psychosocial influences among patients coming to seek medication because of sore throat (Morrell et al, 2000). Heath promotion evaluation In order to make any program more effective it is important that it should be evaluated. Nurse practitioners are advised to put into consideration all measures which have been taken. Planning processes, implementation of the program and evaluation of whole processes are all important elements of health promotion. As Whiteland, (2001) notes, planning and implementation phases of any specific health associated programme are essential for making sure that the program is successful. Have an effective plan and implementation process allows the practitioners to anticipate for proper evaluation processes. When carrying out health promotion/ education many nurse practitioners do not normally put into consideration every element of the program processes. In many cases planning stage is the one that is emphasized. Whiteleand (2001) adds that it is not common to see a proof of evaluative measures in health promotion. But: Evaluation is important since it offers the crucial tool for health promotion practitioner Knowledge base which shows various health promotion evaluation methods as well as approaches are need to effectively implement a successful health promotion. Without carrying out an evaluative processes, there are reservations that health promotion program may not achieve its objective, and may fail to settle those funding the program. According to Schalock, (2000); South and Tilford (2000): there are a number of reasons as to why it is imperative that health practitioners undertake evaluate health promotion programs. For example, practitioner has to evaluate the level and degree to which the promotion program has and is attaining its objective. In addition to making sure that the program is cost-effective. In accordance with the above mention reasons to appraise health promotion plan, are the rising rationalisation programs of health services. The present economic situation in UKs National Health Services (NHS), together with latest deep-seated quality related changes, has resulted to increased attention of examining health promotion (South and Tilford, 2000; Raphael,2000). In addition to that, Tones (2000) highlights two major classes of evaluation, these are, assessing what has been attained and assessing the manner in which the objectives have been attained. Thus, nurse practitioners may use a number of available evaluation methods such as evidence-based, cost-effective or performance management (Lazenbatt et al, 2001; Morrell et al, 2000) to assess how effective health promotion regarding sore throat management is. The long-standing viewpoint Tones (2000) observe that, health promotion programs should incorporate socially empowerment as well as enabling activities. The program discussed here regarding sore throat was aimed at empowering patients to effectively control sore throat and reduces costs incurred in sore throat through promoting healthy lifestyles among measures encouraged. However, for health promotion program to be more effective, it should involve the whole community. The Beattie health promotion discussed earlier in this paper puts emphasis on building relations which last longer, and making sure that public health promotion/education, prevention, and protection are undertaken by the whole community, and not only nurse practitioners. For the health promotion program to be more effective, Bakley (2001) proposes that health promotion /education has to create a healthy public strategy, create supportive atmosphere, foster personal or group abilities and skills, enhance community action program, and re-orient health services. Conclusion Health promotion/education is programs carried out in order to enable people increase their control and improve their state of health. The aim is to make people to attain complete physical, psychological and social welfare. A person or a community must be in a position to identify and acknowledge aspirations to satisfy the needs as well as modify or manage the environment, or illness. Health is taken as daily a resource which needs to be maintained. There are a number of models which have been formulated that by different health experts who are used in health promotion strategies, and Beattie, (1991) health promotion model is commonly used. As it can be seen, sore throat is a minor illness which should not cause any alarm to a patient yet many people when suffering from sore throat end up with a lot of anxiety and using expensive antibiotics which is not really necessary. Thus, health promotion becomes more important in sensitising people on how not only manage sore throat but any ot her minor illness. But, for any health promotion program to be effective and successful, it should be monitored and evaluated to measure its achievements and ensure that it attains its goals and objectives. Reference: Ajzen I (2002): Perceived Behavioural Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behaviour: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Ajzen, I (1991): The theory of planned behaviour: Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes; 50 Allen J; Dyas J; Jones M; Allen J; Dyas J; Jones M (2002): Minor illness in children: parents views and use of health services: British Journal of Community Nursing 2002, Ashley A; Lloyd A; Lamb S and Bartlett H. (2001): Is health-related quality of life a suitable outcome measure for evaluating health promotion programmes: Nursing Times Research 6, Beattie, A (1991): Knowledge and control in health promotion: a test case for social policy and theory; in: Gabe, J; Calnan, M; Bury, M (edited) The Sociology of the Health Service; London; Routledge/ Taylor and Francis. Bakley A (2001): Evaluating Health Promotion: Methodological Diversity: In Using Research for Effective Health Promotion 🙠 Oliver S. Peersman G. Eds): Open University Press; Buckingham, Braun B; Fowles J; Solberg L; Kind E; Healey M; Anderson R (2000): Patient beliefs about the characteristics, causes, and care of the common cold:- an update :Journal of Family Practice Department of Health (2000): The NHS Plan: A plan for investment; a plan for reform: London; DH. Department of Health (2001a): The Expert Patient: A new approach to chronic disease management for the twenty-first century: London; DH Fitzmaurice D (2001): Written information for treating minor illness: British Medical Journal Health Development Agency (2004): Developing Healthy Communities; London; HDA Lazenbatt A; Orr J. and ONeill E (2001): Inequalities in health:-evaluation and effectiveness in practice. International Journal of Nursing Practice 7, Learmonth A. (2000): Utilising research in practice and generating evidence from practice. Health Education Research 15 Little P, et al (2001): Randomised controlled trial of self management leaflets and booklets for minor illness provided by post. British Medical Journal Morrell D, Avery J, Watkins J (2000): Management of minor illness: British Medical Journal Naidoo J and Wills J (2000): Health Promotion: Foundations for Practice; 2nd edition: Bailliere Tindall: London Naidoo, J and Wills, J (2000a): Health Promotion Foundations for Practice: London; Balliere Tindall Raphael D. Bryant T. (2000): Putting the population into population health: Canadian Journal of Public Health 91 Raphael D. (2000): The question of evidence in health promotion: Health Promotion International 15. Raphael D. (2000): The question of evidence in health promotion: Health Promotion International 15, Robbins H; Hundley V; Osman L (2003): Minor illness education for parents of young children: Journal of Advanced Nursing; 44(3) Roberts C et al (2002): Reducing physician visits for colds through consumer education: JAMA Schalock R (2000): Outcome-Based Evaluation: Kluwer Academic Publishers; London South J and Tilford S. (2000): Perceptions of research and evaluation in health promotion practice and influences on activity: Health Education Research 15, Tones K. (2000): Evaluating health promotion: a tale of three errors; Patient Education and Counselling 39, Tones, K (2000a): Evaluating health promotion. Patient Education and Counselling 39: 227-236. Whitehead D. (2001): A social cognitive model for health education/health promotion practice: Journal of Advanced Nursing 38, Whitehead D. (2001a): Health education, behavioural change and social psychology: nurslings contribution to health promotion? Journal of Advanced Nursing 35; World Health Organization (1986): The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion; Geneva; WHO World Health Organization (1997): The Jakarta Declaration: Geneva; WHO.