What Is a Cartilaginous Fish

Cartilaginous fish are fish that have a skeleton made of cartilage, rather than bone. All sharks, skates, and rays (e.g., the southern stingray) are cartilaginous fish. These fish all fall into the group of fish called the elasmobranchs. Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fish In addition to the difference in their skeletons, cartilaginous fish have gills that open to the ocean through slits, rather than the bony covering that is present in bony fish. Different shark species may have different numbers of gill slits. Cartilaginous fish may also breathe through spiracles, rather than gills. Spiracles are found on top of the heads of all rays and skates, and some sharks. These openings allow the fish to rest on the ocean bottom and draw oxygenated water in through the top of their head, allowing them to breathe without breathing in sand. A cartilaginous fishs skin is covered in placoid scales, or dermal denticles, tooth-like scales different from the flat scales (called ganoid, ctenoid or cycloid) found on bony fish. Classification of Cartilaginous Fish Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: Elasmobranchii Evolution of Cartilaginous Fish Where did cartilaginous fish come from, and when? According to fossil evidence (primarily based on shark teeth, which get preserved much more readily than any other part of a shark), the earliest sharks evolved about 400 million years ago. Modern sharks arrived starting around 35 million years ago, and megalodon, white sharks, and hammerheads came about 23 million years ago. Rays and skates have been around longer than us, but their fossil record dates back to about 150 million years ago, so they evolved well after the first sharks. Where Do Cartilaginous Fish Live? Cartilaginous fish live all around the world, in all kinds of water - from rays that inhabit shallow, sandy bottoms to sharks that live out in the deep, open ocean. What Do Cartilaginous Fish Eat? A cartilaginous fishs diet varies by species. Sharks are important apex predators and may eat fish and marine mammals such as seals and whales. Rays and skates, who primarily live on the ocean bottom, will eat other bottom-dwelling creatures, including marine invertebrates such as crabs, clams, oysters, and shrimp. Some huge cartilaginous fish, such as whale sharks, basking sharks, and manta rays, feed on tiny plankton. How Do Cartilaginous Fish Reproduce? All cartilaginous fish reproduce using internal fertilization. The male uses claspers to grasp the female, and then he releases sperm to fertilize the females oocytes. After that, reproduction can differ among sharks, skates, and rays. Sharks may lay eggs or give birth to live young, rays give birth to live young, and skates lay eggs that are deposited inside an egg case. In sharks and rays, the young may be nourished by a placenta, yolk sac, unfertilized egg capsules, or even by feeding on other young. Young skates are nourished by a yolk in the egg case. When cartilaginous fish are born, they look like miniature reproductions of adults. How Long Do Cartilaginous Fish Live? Some cartilaginous fish may live for up to 50-100 years. Examples of Cartilaginous Fish: Whale SharkBasking SharkGreat White SharkThresher SharksSkatesSouthern Stingray References: Canadian Shark Research Lab. 2007. Skates and Rays of Atlantic Canada: Reproduction. Canadian Shark Research Lab. Accessed September 12, 2011.Icthyology Department at FL Museum of Natural History. Shark Basics. Accessed September 27, 2011.Icthyology Department at FL Museum of Natural History.  Shark Biology Accessed September 27, 2011.Icthyology Department at FL Museum of Natural History.  Ray and Skate Biology Accessed September 27, 2011.Martin, R.A. Evolution of a Super Predator. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Accessed September 27, 2011.Murphy, D. 2005. More About Condricthyes: Sharks and Their Kin. Devonian Times. Accessed September 27, 2011.

Why My Education Is Important Free Essays

Why My Education is Important? I often dream about having a successful career in the business world, but to achieve this goal, I must have an education. Education is extremely important to me. In the business world, success depends on lots of knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Why My Education Is Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my opinion, education is the foundation of life, and it also increases my knowledge around the world. However, the most important thing about education is that education opens up the window of opportunities. The world of business is a very complicated place in which to survive. For example; the stock market can change it’s mood every single day. What I mean by that is, a stock can change its value at any moment. People who are involved in the stock market struggle between becoming poor or becoming rich. To be able always to stay on the winners side, I need lots of education. Education helps me to make good decisions in the business world and for my life. Not just in business, education will also benefit me throughout my life, personally and socially. An education should help me to have less financial problems. It will enable me to become independent. My educational experiences have provided me with many opportunities to solve problems in every day life. The education which I have received in history classes,for instance, has provided me with cultural information from every country. I believe education will help to build a circle of people who will be important to me in my career in the future. In summary, why education is important to me? Education helps me to understand the business world. It prepares me for a better future and numerous other things of which at this time I am unaware. The most important reason education is so important to me is that education opens windows for me and it gives me opportunities for a better quality of life. My parents and many of my teachers (Mrs. Kirker, Coach Bowman and many more) care about my education. They explain why education is important to me almost every time they have a chance. As a responsible teenage adult, I need to focus on my education and elevate my educational level, so that my chances of having a difficult future will be less! How to cite Why My Education Is Important, Papers

Management and Supply Function free essay sample

It should be emphasised from the outset that purchasing and supply management is executed as an integrated part of the firms broader management (as part of the logistics management or supply chain management approach) *Purchasing and supply PLANNING is part of the firms general planning, mainly because the continuous supply of raw materials components services is of a strategic importance to the enterprise. The supply market is just as important for the firms survival continued profitability as the sales market is the firms own product. Firms general planning must be integrated. *The ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE of the purchasing and supply function should be aimed mainly @ linking into the firms overall structure in the most effective way. The purchasing and supply function primarily renders a service to the enterprise. *Purchasing and supply COORDINATION should be aimed @ harmonising and aligning the activities of the purchasing and supply function with those of the other business functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Supply Function or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a firm vests the authority for the purchasing and supply function in 1 person or team. Advantages: gt;Standardisation of materials and products is possible because purchases are made at one point gt;Purchasing and supply staff are afforded the opportunity to become experts gt;Control over all aspects of the purchasing and supply function is improved gt;Administrative costs are reduced by eliminating duplication DECENTRALISED PURCHASING SUPPLY ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Purchasing by different departments, branches or plants, while each of them enjoys an important measure of autonomy of decision making regarding the purchasing and supply function. Advantages: gt;Better liaision can be effected between decentralised purchasing and supply functions and the user functions of individual plants served by the purchasing and supply function gt;The needs users can be better satisfied because the purchasing and supply function knows them better gt;Different plants maintain their autonomy. Plant managers are often fully responsible  for the profitability of individual plants. According to the combined approach, common requirements of the different plants such as equipment and certain categories of raw materials, are purchased centrally head of office. The plants purchasing and supply functions are assisted by corporate   purchasing and supply in developing policies, procedures, and control measures, recruiting and training staff, auditing the   purchasing and supply performance of the plants. The main coordinating mechanisms of purchasing and supply management with other functions in the organisation, and with suppliers and customers, are definitely computer systems such as electronic data interchange(EDI), materials planning (MRPII) and distribution requirements planning (DRP). TWO TYPES OF COORDINATION Between purchasing and supply and other functional areas Purchasing coordination is lateral acts in an advisory/support method to the other functions in the enterprise. Between p and s and the supplier system Two dimensions to the coordination between p and s function and the supplier system. Firstly there is coordination with the whole supplier system and secondly with the individual suppliers. The flow of products and services from the supplier has to be effective, the p and s function has to ensure that coordination between them and the supplier ensures this occurs. This can be achieved by means of supplier alliances, integrated systems and inter-organisational teams. The supplier must become an extension of the buying enterprise. The chief coordinating mechanisms available to p and s management are open communication, strategic alliances, integrated systems, the conscious motivation of suppliers and standardisation of specifications, purchasing documents and purchasing procedures. CONTROL : PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PURCHASING AND SUPPLYFUNCTION Control may be defined as a systematic attempt to reach objectives or set standards that accord with the enterprises goal, to observe actual perform- ance and compare it with the set standards, and to take corrective steps with a view to achieving the mission and goals of the enterprise. Objectives and basic principles of performance evaluation P and activities are complex, needs to have a control system. Feedback   on actual performance(measured against quantitative norms). This ensures that the p and s strategy is implemented at the various levels in the company. With this the p and s manager can monitor and improve the functions actual performance. Control ensures that all the other functions with p and s work optimally.

Doing Business in Hong Kong

Introduction The report below talks of doing business in Hong King. It addresses the business structure, communication style, and management style adopted by businesses in Hong Kong.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Doing Business in Hong Kong specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the report talks of the etiquette of business meetings in Hong Kong, the role of women in business, dress code, and successful entertaining. Background to Business in Hong Kong Although Hong Kong only has a population of approximately 7 million people, there are over 470,000 SMEs in the country (CIA-The World Factbook 2012). This is an indication of the vitality, hunger and health of the Chinese business community. If you intend to do business in Hong Kong, it is important to first study the business environment in the country as it will be affected by issues like the decision-making process, management style, and attitudes. The se issues may affect the long-term relationship of a business partnership. Country History and geography Hong Kong is made up of the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the Stonecutters’ Island, and the New Territories that borders mainland China. In 1841, China surrendered the island of Hong Kong to Britain (CIA-The World Factbook 2012) Geographically, Hong Kong is located in Eastern Asia and it borders China and the South China Sea. Business Structures The structure of business in Hong Kong is influenced by the colonial history of the island and the business practices in China. Most multinational organisations demonstrate a ‘managed’ approach (AGC Seminars 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, majority of the SMEs in Hong Kong have been founded and are controlled by Chinese families. The SMEs are characterised by a centralised decision m aking process owing to the family connection. Management Style Due to the rich Chinese heritage, Confucian thinking influences the management style of businesses in Hong Kong. Although local ideas have also been influenced greatly by many years of colonial rule, such century old beliefs like seniority and respect for the aged are still upheld by the Hong Kong people (Mayerbrown n.d.). As such, managers in Hong Kong like to adopt a paternalistic approach while dealing with subordinates and the subordinates are expected to implement instructions given by their seniors with little or no objection. The decision making process tends to be centralized as many local firms are entrepreneurial in nature. Meetings The etiquette of business meetings in Hong Kong varies markedly, based on the type of firm in question. For example, multinationals are likely to adhere to the standard meeting style with regard to minutes, agendas, etc. Conversely, small firms are more informal in their meetings (R unckel Associates 2005). When dealing with either the multinationals or the local firms, foreign businesspersons are advised to address the senior person during business meetings, even if they do not speak fluent English. Business discussions tend to be polite and diplomatic but voices and emotions could be raised when things are not going according to plan. The Hong Kong people accept gifts during business meetings as they signify the development of a business relationship. Team Working Hong Kong is a Confucian society and as such, it culture is largely group-oriented, with the family forming the strongest group ties. This means that people in Hong Kong are more likely to make effective group members as long as there is a safe and harmonious group environment (Communicaid 2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Doing Business in Hong Kong specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When it comes to choosing long-term loy alty for team members, people in Hong Kong will always prefer family members. The manager is expected to issue instructions to team members, who are in turn expected to foster a close working relationship with the manager. Team managers are expected to provide complete and clear instructions as anything left out may not actually get done. The maintenance of ‘face’ by group members is important and as such, it is important to avoid mocking co-workers as this may lead to ‘loss of face’. Communication styles Although Hong Kong was under the British rule for long, English is still not universally spoken. Most employees working at the large corporations are very fluent in English, but this fluency tends to reduce as the size of the firm decreases. As such, a foreign businessperson should be expected to encounter communication difficulties (Hong Kong Planner n. d.). Owing to western influence, the Chinese in Hong Kong are by far more direct in comparison with the other Asians. Such directness is mainly confined to peer-level discussions as opposed to the higher ranking employees. Women in Business Women are influences business decisions in Hong Kong, especially in the larger multi-nationals. However, some SMEs still retain the conventional Confucian attitude towards the role of women in the workplace (Communicaid 2009). Working in Hong Kong is not a big bother for visiting female businesspeople although the views of their male counterparts are more likely to be listened to keenly.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dress Code In Hong Kong, the dress code differs slightly based on the industry sector and size of the firm. Men can wear shirts, ties, and dark suits. Women can also wear conservative business suits as well, although wearing of skirts is preferred to trousers (AGC Seminars 2008). Summer time is always hot and humid in Hong Kong and typhoons tend to be common. Top Tips Few conglomerates dominate business in Hong Kong. There are all kinds of businesses, and SMEs dominate the business environment in Hong Kong. Business relationships rarely affects a deal in Hong Kong Most Chinese businesses are family-run, and the oldest members of the family are the decision makers. The Confucian values affect the management style of businesses in Hong Kong Family members are preferred in businesses that require long-term loyalty Owing to the Confucian roots, team working in Hong Kong companies is largely group-oriented. Giving of gifts is acceptable in Hong Kong as it signifies the development of a business relationship. Successful Entertaining Business entertaining is very common in Hong Kong, and the inviting party always pays for the food. During meals, avoid topics like human rights and politics, but topics such as sports, the weather, family, and education are common (Communicaid 2009). Eating everything on the table is considered an impolite gesture as it means that the host did not give you enough food. Slurping and belching after a meal is welcome as it signifies appreciation. Facts and figures Hong Kong has an estimated population of 7 million people with a land area of 1,075 sq km. The HK dollar is the national currency in Hong Kong, while the country’s GDP is estimated at US$ 211bn (CIA-The World Factbook 2012). In addition, 46 percent of the population in Hong Kong traces their roots to China. Conclusion If you are interested in doing business in Hong Kong, it is important to first learn about its history, geography, and business etiquette, cultural, social and economic factors affecting the country as they will also affect the way business is done. Reference List AGC Seminars 2008, Business Culture in Hong Kong. Web. CIA-The World Factbook 2012, Hong Kong.  Web. Communicaid 2009, Doing Business in Hong Kong| Hong Kong Social and Business Culture: A Hong Kong Overview. Web. Hong Kong Planner, Doing Business in Hong Kong.  Web. Mayerbrown, Guide to doing business in Hong Kong. Web. Runckel Associates 2005, Business and social etiquette in Asia: Hong Kong. Web. This report on Doing Business in Hong Kong was written and submitted by user Giancarlo Alvarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog New! eNotes AnnotatedTexts

New! AnnotatedTexts As the Literature Experts, we’re excited about learning and obsessed with reading. We love books in all forms- from dusty tomes found in the back of used bookstores to sleek, new e-reading technologies. Because of the wide accessibility of digital reading, its no surprise that digital texts are becoming increasingly popular in and out of the classroom. To further our commitment to accessible education and literature, were excited to unveil Annotated Texts! Our digital text library features hundreds of works of public domain literature available to read online now for free. These texts have been annotated by our staff of literary experts, helping readers engage more meaningfully with these important literary works. Let’s take a look at five major benefits of annotated texts. The Benefits of Annotated Texts 1. Affordable Alternative to Printed Books One of the most appealing advantages of a digital library is its cost benefits. On average, students are spending $1,168 per year on textbooks while 94% of United States teachers reported spending their own money on classroom supplies. Digital texts eliminate the cost of shipping and delivery, which ultimately saves people money (and trees!). With hundreds of free books already available, plus new additions every month, our digital texts are an accessible alternative to purchasing hard copies of public-domain texts. Utilizing digital texts will eliminate the need to purchase books in print, while ensuring the texts do not get lost or damaged. 2. Helps Develop Close Reading Skills Close reading is a valuable skill for students to learn in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of a text. It’s a skill that helps students formulate an analysis of the entire work rather than summarizing what they’ve read. When individuals are told to teach or perform close readings, they often lack examples. Our annotations serve as models for teachers and students so that they can practice how to effectively conduct a close reading and become familiar with the process before dissecting intimidating pieces of literature. 3. Easy to Obtain We understand that finding and creating quality teaching and study aids can be time-consuming. That’s why we’ve compiled our annotated texts within their corresponding study guides to ensure you can access all relevant information in one place. With a vast library of study guides that include summaries, analyses, and criticisms, there are tons of supporting resources to accompany digital texts. Teaching students to actively engage with a text will help them stay focused and retain more information. 4. Creates an Inclusive Learning Environment Every student has a different learning style, so it’s important for teachers to create an inclusive learning environment where their students feel supported and inspired to learn. With a wide range of teaching resources that pair with digital texts, teachers can spend more time focusing on what types of material will help their students succeed rather than creating content themselves. Plus, the mobile-friendly addition of annotated texts allows students to read and research hundreds of titles from the palm of their hand. 5. Encourages Quality Interactions Teachers are responsible for creating effective and engaging curriculum that promote meaningful interactions among their students. Adopting annotated texts in a teaching curriculum allows teachers to create interactive activities for their students. Annotated texts allow teachers the ability to communicate with their students through shared annotations and notes. Teachers can highlight specific areas of digital texts to facilitate group discussions or create learning activities. This is also a great way for teachers to point out specific content for students to review and prepare for future assessments.

Debate paper in intellectual properties Assignment

Debate paper in intellectual properties - Assignment Example In the absence of these protection laws, individual’s original ideas would be plagiarized and exploited by unethical participants in a given economic environment (Gollin 23). Therefore, the concept of intellectual property proves advantageous in numerous ways including; Intellectual property in form of a patent protects an individual’s or a company’s original knowledge from duplication by competitors and other unethical parties. Fortunately, the government issues patent owners with the sole right to use an underlying intellectual property for a specified period of time (Tavani and Spinello 41). Currently, advancement in science and technology leads to a corresponding increase in inventions and related knowledge. These new scientific information and technological designs could offer great benefits to business organizations upon application. Undeniably, an inventor or researcher responsible for development of a new piece of information may have invested intensively not only in terms of finances but also in labor hours. In this context, duplication of intellectual property without the owner’s permission would amount to an instance of economic exploitation. Therefore, intellectual property rights are instrumental in preventing expl oitation from competitors. In March 2014, Samsung and Apple Inc ended a patent infringement dispute in court. Allegedly, Samsung duplicated the ’slide to unlock’ feature of Galaxy Nexus smart phones without permission from the feature’s inventor, Apple Inc. Consequently, Samsung paid Apple $120 million in damages. In this context, existence of intellectual property rights prevented further exploitation of Apple’s patented information by its competitor. In another case, SanDisk is seeking to prevent exploitation of its flash memory cards by Apple Inc. Aside from being the plaintiff in Samsung vs. Apple case; Apple Inc also infringes patents of other competitors (Reed 01). As of September 2014, Apple Inc was being sued

Evidence in the case of Donald who May have Hit Doris Essay

Evidence in the case of Donald who May have Hit Doris - Essay Example Doris provides what is called the ‘master narrative’ as well which is defined as a story that has cultural context through which the specific story is given a deeper meaning.3 The ‘master narrative’ that Doris has created is that of the abused female by a male aggressor. Through this narrative, the context of the rest of the evidence is presented. Ann Ann overheard a statement by Doris at the party. That statement was â€Å"Stop hitting me Donald† and that it was made in a state of duress. Except for the accused, the spouse of an accused, or the children of an accused, there is an assumption made in English law that all witnesses that are brought forth with be competent and compellable.4 The narrative is how the story of the events is constructed, starting with the story of the victim, but then moving to the corroboration of witnesses. Ann’s function is to corroborate the story that Doris has related that led to charges against Donald. Ann†™s testimony is hearsay. Hearsay is defined as a statement that is made outside of the court which is given to prove the matter that is in process.5 Using the example of R v Xhabri, hearsay in the form of overhearing statements made by a victims were admissible through s114(1)(d) even when it was dismissible under s120.6 The reason for this admissibility is that the interests of justice overrode any benefit of dismissing the testimony.7 Ann’s testimony becomes complicated, however, by her former conviction. Under the Criminal Justice Act of 2003, provision 100, the bad character of an individual as it may pertain to guilt in relationship to their participation may be admissible.8 Under this provision, the witness’ character can be at issue when they may have criminally contributed or actually been the perpetrator of the crime. It has been used further to assess the credibility of a witness.9 In this case, Ann has been previously convicted of perverting the course of justice, which means she was part of a conspiracy to pervert the course of justice which is criminal and is a holdover of English Common Law.10 This means that at some point she participated in trying to falsely inform the court as to the truth of an action. It is likely that the evidence she presents will be thrown out or at the least minimized by introduction of her former conviction. Dr. Foot Dr. Foot, which for the purposes of this paper is assumed to be an expert in forensic investigation, has evidence of hair from Donald on the victim, Doris. Evidence must be relevant which was established in the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 which is still in effect and provides that there is a difference between logical evidence and legal evidence, supporting the concept of the best evidence theory. Best evidence theory has been overruled by the relevance of evidence on most trials, however, and in this one while the hair is best evidence, it does nothing more than establish Donald’s pr esence at the party which is not in dispute.11 The use of the Civil Evidence Act of 1972 provides for evidence created outside